Calgary Mayor Naheed Nenshi says another Olympics in Calgary only makes sense if our city’s economy benefits. But slogging through the numbers is no easy task, especially when economists dispute the projections.

“You know what the rule is, if you have three economists look at something you’ll have seven opinions on the matter,” said Nenshi. “I think it’s important that we have all these different perspectives on the situation as we look around.”

In its final report, the Calgary Bid Exploration Committee estimated a 2026 Olympics would cost $4.6 billion.

American projections for those same Games have been significantly lower. Denver estimated hosting the 2026 Games would cost $2 billion USD. Salt Lake City’s projection was even lower at $1.29 billion USD. (The US contenders are now off the table for 2026; in February the US Olympic committee indicated that it won’t be pursuing those Games.)

But why were the projections so much cheaper than Calgary’s? The Denver Post cited several possible reasons. One reason: Colorado has all but three of the 16 required venues. For the remainder, they’re looking at temporary structures constructed from recycled material.

Salt Lake City, meanwhile, hosted the Winter Games in 2002. That’s 14 years after Calgary, which means its winter sport facilities aren’t as dated.

READ MORE: The Economics of Hosting the Olympic Games (Council on Foreign Relations)

Back in Calgary, the bid committee has relied on varying reports for its projections. An economic impact analysis from Deloitte provided an optimistic view of hosting, suggesting a 2026 Calgary Olympics would add nearly $2.7 billion to Canada’s GDP, including $853 million to the Calgary area.

The Conference Board of Canada’s analysis was even rosier, stating Canada would stand to gain $3.5 billion in GDP, including $1.9 billion in Calgary.

The discrepancy was linked to the Conference Board taking into account tourism impacts while Deloitte did not.

But subsequent analyses commissioned by the city, and originally kept secret from city council, have cast these projections into doubt.

The Calgary Journal contacted the authors of those critical analyses: Trevor Tombe at the University of Calgary and Brad Humphreys at West Virginia University.

Both indicated they were bound by non-disclosure clauses, but their voices are heard loud and clear in their findings.

In his review, Tombe said neither study captures the true economic impacts of hosting the Games. He recommended against deciding whether to host the Games based on such estimates, and recommended a full cost-benefit analysis.

“In the end, there will be economic costs of hosting the Games,” he writes. “If the benefits in terms of civic pride, community engagement, promotion of sports, and so on, is worth the cost, then hosting the Games makes sense.”

“But, to claim that GDP and employment will increase — at all, but especially by the magnitudes suggested in the 3rd-party reports — is to go far beyond what the evidence suggests.”

READ MORE: The financial mess of the Olympic Winter Games (Trevor Tombe, Financial Post)

Humphreys echoed Tombe’s concerns in his review.

“I find substantial limitations to both these reports in terms of the information they provide, and recommend strongly that these reports be given relatively little weight when reaching a conclusion about the relative merits of hosting the 2026 Games,” Humphreys wrote.

He also criticized the report authors for “cherry-picking” academic literature on the Olympics to present a “skewed picture.”

“The scholarly evidence from peer reviewed journals does not support the existence of large economic benefits like those forecasted by the Conference Board and Deloitte reports,” Humphreys wrote.

READ MORE: Going for the Gold: The Economics of the Olympics (Journal of Economic Perspectives)

Ward 7 City Coun. Druh Farrell says the city’s bid team needs to reckon with Humphreys’s and Tombe’s work.

“If they disagree with the results in those reports, explain why,” said Farrell.

“We discovered those two critical reports by accident. It’s boosterism in its worst form. If we move forward with a bid — and it looks very much like we’re being led in that direction — we need to be sure that we are mitigating risk. And I have no confidence that we’re doing that.”

There’s something to be learned from examining the ledgers of past Olympics.

Many host cities have made money, including Calgary. A scan of official Olympic reports shows some of the host cities who stayed out of the red.

Other host cities have struggled—and every city has had to contend with cost overruns. According to a 2016 University of Oxford study, the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi are the most expensive and went over budget by 289 per cent. Vancouver had the smallest cost overrun of recent Winter Games, at 13%.

The International Olympic Committee is attempting to make the Olympics less burdensome for cities. In February, the IOC released a suite of 118 reforms to entice host cities to bid. Dubbed “The New Norm,” the document reiterates that future Games will reuse venues, jive with cities’ long-term urban development goals and and be less costly.

The IOC has given a thumbs up to the Saddledome, Calgary Olympic Plaza and possibly spreading out the Games over several cities. There’s also talk of using Edmonton’s new arena, Rogers Place, as well as Whistler’s ski jump facilities.

Security also remains a question mark. The bid committee estimated the security costs of Calgary 2026 at $610-million, but also acknowledged that the threat level could change between now and then.

“I think that’s a major issue that we need to look at,” said Councillor George Chahal. “We’re the best country in the world, and we’re a safe and secure nation, but we must make sure that we have the appropriate security measures in place.”

Chahal is aware of previous budget issues but sees the 2026 Games as a chance for a fresh start for the Olympics.

Alannah Page, Shelby Dechant, Guyana Cyprien, Stephanie Babych, and Jeremy Klaszus

This story is part of Hindsight 2026, a joint project between the Sprawl and the Calgary Journal (which is produced by journalism students at Mount Royal University). We’re digging into past Olympics to evaluate whether a 2026 Winter Games in Calgary would help or hinder our city.